本书紧跟时代和国际商务发展步伐，以基于内容的教学(CBI)为理论依据编写，各章节排序和练习设置还融入了基于任务的教学(TBI)理念。全书由10章组成，第1、2章主要对国际商务做整体介绍，帮助学生初步了解国际商务的内涵、主要形式和基本理论，其余8章以国际商务中最主要的形式——国际贸易为重点，按照国际贸易流程和步骤展开讲解。
本书将英语语言知识和商务知识融为一体，不仅可以增强学生的商务英语语言技能，帮助学生了解和巩固国际商务知识，还可以锻炼其商务实践能力。本书既可以作为商务英语、英语、国际贸易等专业的教材，也可以供有兴趣的读者学习参考。
随着我国改革开放的不断深入，对外经济贸易和文化交流迅速发展，社会对既懂英语又懂商务知识人才的需求不断增强。从北京、上海和广州等城市对紧缺人才需求趋势的调查分析来看，商务英语人才供应严重不足，而且在今后几十年内该类人才的需求量仍将成倍增长。因此，加强商务英语教学，培养更多的商务英语人才是大势所趋。另外，随着社会的进步和全球化的深入发展，国际商务知识和规范也在不断发展和完善。所以非常有必要编写一部能够更好地满足新时期我国经济、文化和社会发展对高级商务英语人才需求的教材。在这个背景下，我们组织具有国际商务实践经历或商务英语教学经验的教师编写了本书。
本书的编写基于科学的教学理念，通过教材内容的设置和教学，把碎片化的语言和商务知识有机地结合起来，内容新颖，紧跟时代和国际商务发展步伐。同时，在本书中英语语言知识和商务知识互为载体，不仅可以增强学生的商务英语语言技能，帮助学生了解和巩固国际商务知识，还可以锻炼其商务实践能力。
本书由10章组成，第1、2章主要对国际商务做整体介绍，帮助学生初步了解国际商务的内涵、主要形式和基本理论，其余8章以国际商务中最主要的形式——国际贸易为重点，按照国际贸易流程和步骤展开讲解。本书的编写主要以基于内容的教学(CBI)为理论依据，各章节排序和练习设置还融入了基于任务的教学(TBI)理念。我们希望通过本书，以英语为教学和学习媒介，使学生掌握国际商务相关知识和国际贸易实践基本技能，而不是只学习几个零散的商务英语词汇和句子。
本书是集体合作的成果，由郭继东和庞博任主编，负责确定选题和编写结构，召集编审人员，统稿和校对；韩国春、雷雯、刘琦和诸葛雯任副主编，负责部分章节的编写和校对。本书的第1、2章由庞博编写，第3、9章由雷雯编写，第4、8章由刘琦编写，第5、10章由韩国春编写，第6、7章由诸葛雯编写。
本书是杭州电子科技大学重点建设教材，其出版得到了杭州电子科技大学教务处和西安电子科技大学出版社等有关单位与领导的大力支持和帮助。在编写本书的过程中，浙江省商务英语学会副会长于学勇教授给予我们很多关心和指导，谨此表示感谢。本书获杭州电子科技大学教材专项出版资助。
在编写本书的过程中，我们参考了国内外相关文献，在此向这些文献的作者和出版单位致以诚挚的感谢！由于编者的学识和能力有限，书中不足之处在所难免，希望专家和读者给予批评和指正。
编 者
2021年12月
Chapter One Introduction to International
Business 1
1.1 Concepts of Business and International
Business 1
1.1.1 What Is Business? 1
1.1.2 What Is International Business? 1
1.2 The Need for International Business 2
1.3 Two Related Economic Theories 3
1.3.1 Absolute Advantage 3
1.3.2 Comparative Advantage 3
1.4 International Business Activities 4
1.4.1 Main Types of International Business
Activities 4
1.4.2 Common Forms of International
Business Activities 5
1.5 International Business Management 9
1.5.1 International Marketing Management 9
1.5.2 International Financial Management 9
1.5.3 International Human Resource
Management 11
1.6 Economic Integration 13
1.6.1 Regional Economic Integration 14
1.6.2 Renowned Regional Economic
Integration 15
Exercises 19
Chapter Two Introduction to International Trade
21
2.1 International Trade 21
2.1.1 What Is International Trade? 21
2.1.2 International Trade and Domestic Trade
21
2.1.3 Reasons for International Trade 22
2.1.4 Classification of International Trade 24
2.2 Trade Barrier 25
2.2.1 What is Trade Barrier? 25
2.2.2 Types of Trade Barriers 26
2.2.3 International Business Risks 32
2.3 Business Preparation 32
2.3.1 Market Research 32
2.3.2 Credit Inquiry 33
2.3.3 Making Contacts 33
2.4 Business Negotiation 34
2.4.1 What is Negotiation? 34
2.4.2 General Procedures in Business
Negotiation 34
Exercises 39
Chapter Three Trade Terms 41
3.1 Definition and Functions of International
?Trade Terms 41
3.2 International Rules and Practices on Trade
?Terms 42
3.2.1 Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 42
3.2.2 Revised American Foreign Trade
Definition 1941 42
3.2.3 Incoterms 2010 Rules 43
3.2.4 Main Features of the Incoterms 2020
Rules 45
3.2.5 Changes to the Incoterms 2010 Rules in
the Incoterms 2020 Rules 46
3.2.6 Seven Commonly Used Trade Terms to
Any Mode of Transportation 46
3.2.7 Four Commonly Used Trade Terms to Sea
and Inland Waterway Transportation 49
Exercises 51
Chapter Four Packing and Transportation 53
4.1 Packing 53
4.1.1 Packing Problem in Law 53
4.1.2 Types of Packing 54
4.1.3 Marking 56
4.2 Transportation 57
4.2.1 Modes of Transportation 58
4.2.2 Choice of Modes and Intermodal
Transportation 60
Exercises 62
Chapter Five Inspection and Insurance 65
5.1 Inspection 65
5.1.1 Pre-shipment Inspection 65
5.1.2 Post-shipment Inspection 67
5.1.3 Pre-shipment Inspection vs.
Post-shipment Inspection 68
5.1.4 The Pre-shipment Inspection Industry
69
5.1.5 Choice of the Inspector 70
5.1.6 The Basic Mechanics of PSI 71
5.1.7 Inspection Documents 73
5.2 Insurance 74
5.2.1 Definition 74
5.2.2 Basic Characteristics of Insurance 74
5.2.3 Insurable Risks 75
5.2.4 Marine Insurance 76
Exercises 81
Chapter Six Instruments of Payment 83
6.1 Negotiable Instruments 83
6.1.1 What Are Negotiable Instruments? 83
6.1.2 Characteristics of Negotiable
Instruments 83
6.1.3 Parties to Negotiable Instruments 84
6.2 Bills of Exchange 85
6.2.1 What Are Bills of Exchange? 85
6.2.2 Essentials and Non-essentials of Valid
Bills of Exchange 86
6.2.3 Types of Bills of Exchange 89
6.2.4 Procedure of Using Bills of Exchange
90
6.3 Checks 94
6.3.1 What are Checks? 94
6.3.2 Essential Requirements 95
6.3.3 Crossing a Check 95
6.4 Promissory Notes 97
6.4.1 What Are Promissory Notes? 97
6.4.2 Essentials of Valid Promissory Notes
97
6.4.3 Types of Promissory Notes 98
6.4.4 Comparison Between Bills, Promissory
Notes and Checks 98
Exercises 99
Chapter Seven Modes of Payment 101
7.1 Remittance 101
7.1.1 What is Remittance? 101
7.1.2 Basic Parties to Remittance 101
7.1.3 Types of Remittance 102
7.1.4 Application of Remittance 104
7.2 Collection 104
7.2.1 What Is Collection? 104
7.2.2 Basic Parties to Collection 105
7.2.3 Types of Collection 106
7.3 Letters of Credit 108
7.3.1 What Is Letter of Credit? 108
7.3.2 Characteristics of Letter of Credit 108
7.3.3 Parties in Letter of Credit 109
7.3.4 Essential Contents of Letter of Credit
110
7.3.5 Procedure of Documentary Credit 111
7.3.6 Discrepancies in Letter of Credit 114
7.3.7 Types of Letter of Credit 115
Exercises 116
Chapter Eight Commercial Documents in
International Trade 118
8.1 Introduction 118
8.2 Commercial Invoice 119
8.2.1 Definition 119
8.2.2 Contents of Commercial Invoice 120
8.3 Pro Forma Invoice 122
8.4 Marine Bill of Lading 123
8.4.1 Definition 123
8.4.2 Functions of a Bill of Lading 124
8.4.3 Parties of a Bill of Lading 124
8.4.4 Contents of a Bill of Lading 125
8.4.5 Types of Bill of Lading 127
8.5 Other Transport Documents 130
8.5.1 Sea Waybill 130
8.5.2 Air Waybill 130
8.5.3 Road Waybill or CMR Consignment
Note 132
8.5.4 Railway Bill or Cargo Receipt 133
8.5.5 Courier Receipt or Post Receipt 133
8.6 Insurance Documents 133
8.6.1 Definition 134
8.6.2 Types of Loss 134
8.6.3 Types of Coverage/Risk 135
8.6.4 Types of Insurance Documents 135
Exercises 136
Chapter Nine Business Letters 139
9.1 Parts of a Business Letter 139
9.2 Formats of Business Letters 144
9.2.1 Three Commonly Used Formats 144
9.2.2 Envelope Writing 148
9.3 Eight Principles of Business Writing 148
9.4 Practical Business Letters 153
9.4.1 Enquiries and Replies 153
9.4.2 Offers and Counter-offers 155
9.4.3 Placing and Acknowledging Orders 157
9.4.4 Complaints and Claims 159
Exercises 160
Chapter Ten Claims and Arbitration 163
10.1 Claims 163
10.1.1 Introduction 163
10.1.2 Breach of Contract 164
10.1.3 Discrepancy and Claim Clause 165
10.1.4 Legal Aspects of Marketing Claims
166
10.1.5 Resolution of Trade Claims 167
10.1.6 International Litigation 168
10.2 Arbitration 168
10.2.1 Definition of Arbitration 168
10.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Arbitration 171
10.2.3 Foundations of International
Commercial Arbitration 173
10.2.4 Institution Arbitration and Ad Hoc
Arbitration 174
10.2.5 Arbitration Institutions 175
10.2.6 The Place of Arbitration 176
10.2.7 Other Methods of Dispute Resolution
178
Exercises 180
References 183
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