本手册采用实例形式，针对数控加工中的常见型面，叙述了宏程序基本概念、
数学基础和宏程序编制方法，介绍了实际生产中*常见的简单型面、非圆型面、螺
纹、孔系、倒角等数控加工宏程序编制的详细过程。
本手册注重概念阐述和应用实例相结合、数控车和数控铣实例相结合、工艺路
线和编程思路相结合、逻辑算法和刀路规划相结合、操作步骤和内容提示相结合、
单型面编程和综合编程实例相结合，循序渐进，由浅入深，通过大量实例引导初学
者逐步提高数控加工宏程序的编制技能和水平。
手册中的所有实例均通过FANUC 数控系统进行仿真和实际上机运行。
本手册可以作为数控技术进阶培训、数控编程操作用书和自学教材，也可作为
高等学校、高职高专等院校数控技术课程教学的辅导教材。

前言
第1 章　用户宏程序功能A .......................................................... 1
1.1　常量与变量 ....................................................................................1
1.1.1　常量的概述 ..............................................................................1
1.1.2　变量的概述 ..............................................................................2
1.1.3　常量与变量的区别 ..................................................................4
1.2　变量的数学运算与逻辑运算 ........................................................5
1.2.1　变量的数学运算 ......................................................................5
1.2.2　变量加减运算特例：变量自加与自减运算 ..........................6
1.2.3　变量的逻辑运算 ......................................................................8
1.3　用户宏程序功能A 的控制流向语句 ...........................................9
1.4　用户宏程序功能A 的简单应用 .................................................11
1.4.1　零件图以及加工内容 ............................................................11
1.4.2　分析零件图样 ........................................................................11
1.4.3　分析加工工艺 ........................................................................12
1.4.4　选择变量方法 ........................................................................12
1.4.5　选择程序算法 ........................................................................13
1.4.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ........................................................................13
1.4.7　绘制程序框图 ........................................................................14
1.4.8　编写宏程序代码 ....................................................................14
1.4.9　本节小结 ................................................................................15
本章小结 ...............................................................................................15
第2 章　用户宏程序功能B ........................................................ 16
2.1　变量与常量 ..................................................................................16
2.1.1　变量的概述 ............................................................................16
2.1.2　变量的赋值 ............................................................................17
2.1.3　A 赋值与B 赋值的区别 .......................................................18
2.1.4　常量 ........................................................................................18
2.2　逻辑变量与辅助变量 ..................................................................18
2.2.1　逻辑变量 ................................................................................18
2.2.2　辅助变量 ................................................................................20
2.3　变量的数学运算与逻辑运算 ......................................................22
2.3.1　数学运算与逻辑运算概述 ....................................................22
2.3.2　变量的数学运算 ....................................................................24
2.3.3　变量的逻辑运算 ....................................................................25
2.3.4　运算特例 ................................................................................26
2.4　控制流向语句 ..............................................................................26
2.4.1　语句的分类 ............................................................................26
2.4.2　运算符的描述 ........................................................................30
2.5　条件转移语句（IF）与循环语句（WHILE）的区别与联系 .......31
2.5.1　条件转移语句的嵌套功能 ....................................................31
2.5.2　循环语句的嵌套功能 ............................................................32
2.5.3　循环语句与条件转移语句的组合 ........................................34
2.6　IF [ 条件表达式] THEN 语句 ....................................................35
2.6.1　语句概述 ................................................................................35
2.6.2　语句应用实例 ........................................................................35
2.7　宏程序的调用与调用取消 ..........................................................37
2.7.1　宏程序调用（G66） .............................................................37
2.7.2　宏程序调用（G65） .............................................................39
2.8　用户宏程序功能B 入门实例 .....................................................43
2.9　宏程序编程基础 ..........................................................................44
2.9.1　宏程序编程步骤 ....................................................................44
2.9.2　变量设置常见方法 ................................................................45
本章小结 ...............................................................................................48
第3 章　宏程序和数学基础 ........................................................ 49
3.1　宏程序与数学模型 ......................................................................49
3.1.1　单一型面零件与数学模型 ....................................................49
3.1.2　复合型面零件与数学模型 ....................................................51
3.2　宏程序与一次函数 ......................................................................52
3.2.1　一次函数概述 ........................................................................52
3.2.2　一次函数应用实例 ................................................................53
3.3　宏程序与二次函数 ......................................................................55
3.3.1　二次函数概述 ........................................................................55
3.3.2　二次函数偏移量 ....................................................................55
3.4　宏程序与极坐标系 ......................................................................56
3.4.1　极坐标系概述 ........................................................................56
3.4.2　极坐标系应用实例 ................................................................58
3.5　宏程序与旋转坐标系 ..................................................................59
3.5.1　旋转坐标系概述 ....................................................................59
3.5.2　旋转坐标系与矩阵 ................................................................60
3.5.3　旋转坐标系应用实例 ............................................................60
3.6　宏程序与拟合法 ..........................................................................62
3.6.1　线性拟合法概述 ....................................................................62
3.6.2　线性拟合法编程原理 ............................................................63
3.6.3　线性拟合法应用实例 ............................................................63
3.7　宏程序编程“动”与“静” ......................................................64
3.7.1　宏程序编程“动”概述 ........................................................64
3.7.2　宏程序编程“静”概述 ........................................................66
本章小结 ...............................................................................................67
第4 章　宏程序在车削常见型面中的应用 ................................ 68
4.1　粗车端面宏程序应用 ..................................................................68
4.1.1　零件图以及加工内容 ...........................................................68
4.1.2　分析零件图样 ........................................................................69
4.1.3　分析加工工艺 ........................................................................69
4.1.4　选择变量方法 ........................................................................69
4.1.5　选择程序算法 ........................................................................70
4.1.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ........................................................................71
4.1.7　绘制程序框图 ........................................................................71
4.1.8　编制程序代码 ........................................................................72
4.1.9　编程总结 ................................................................................72
4.2　车削单外圆宏程序应用 ..............................................................73
4.2.1　零件图以及加工内容 ............................................................73
4.2.2　分析零件图样 ........................................................................73
4.2.3　分析加工工艺 ........................................................................74
4.2.4　选择变量方法 ........................................................................74
4.2.5　选择程序算法 ........................................................................75
4.2.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ........................................................................75
4.2.7　绘制程序框图 ........................................................................76
4.2.8　编制程序代码 ........................................................................76
4.2.9　编程总结 ................................................................................77
4.3　大直径外圆切断宏程序应用 ......................................................78
4.3.1　零件图以及加工内容 ............................................................78
4.3.2　分析零件图样 ........................................................................78
4.3.3　分析加工工艺 ........................................................................79
4.3.4　选择变量方式 ........................................................................79
4.3.5　选择程序算法 ........................................................................80
4.3.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ........................................................................80
4.3.7　绘制流程框图 ........................................................................82
4.3.8　编制程序代码 ........................................................................82
4.3.9　编程总结 ................................................................................83
4.4　车削外圆锥面宏程序应用 ..........................................................83
4.4.1　锥度宏程序编程概述 ............................................................83
4.4.2　零件图和加工内容 ................................................................85
4.4.3　分析零件图样 ........................................................................86
4.4.4　分析加工工艺 ........................................................................86
4.4.5　选择变量方法 ........................................................................87
4.4.6　选择程序算法 ........................................................................87
4.4.7　绘制刀路轨迹 ........................................................................88
4.4.8　绘制程序框图 ........................................................................88
4.4.9　编制程序代码 ........................................................................90
4.5　车削1/4 凸圆弧宏程序应用.......................................................92
4.5.1　零件图以及加工内容 ............................................................92
4.5.2　分析零件图样 ........................................................................92
4.5.3　分析加工工艺 ........................................................................93
4.5.4　选择变量方法 ........................................................................93
4.5.5　选择程序算法 ........................................................................94
4.5.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ........................................................................94
4.5.7　绘制程序框图 ........................................................................96
4.5.8　编制程序代码 ........................................................................97
本章小结 .............................................................................................100
第5 章　宏程序编程在车削非圆型面中的应用 ...................... 101
5.1　方程型面宏程序编程概述 ........................................................101
5.1.1　方程型面定义 ......................................................................101
5.1.2　方程型面应用场合 ..............................................................101
5.1.3　方程型面加工方法 ..............................................................102
5.1.4　方程型面及其编程延伸 ......................................................103
5.2　车削1/4 右椭圆宏程序应用.....................................................103
5.2.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................103
5.2.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................104
5.2.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................104
5.2.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................105
5.2.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................105
5.2.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ......................................................................106
5.2.7　绘制流程框图 ......................................................................106
5.2.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................108
5.3　车削1/4 左椭圆宏程序应用..................................................... 111
5.3.1　零件图以及加工内容 .......................................................... 111
5.3.2　分析零件图样 ...................................................................... 111
5.3.3　分析加工工艺 ...................................................................... 111
5.3.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................112
5.3.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................112
5.3.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ......................................................................112
5.3.7　绘制流程框图 ......................................................................113
5.3.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................113
5.4　车削1/2 凹椭圆宏程序应用.....................................................114
5.4.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................114
5.4.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................114
5.4.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................115
5.4.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................115
5.4.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................116
5.4.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ......................................................................116
5.4.7　绘制流程框图 ......................................................................116
5.4.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................117
5.5　车削大于1/4 椭圆宏程序应用.................................................118
5.5.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................118
5.5.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................119
5.5.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................119
5.5.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................120
5.5.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................120
5.5.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ......................................................................120
5.5.7　编制程序代码 ......................................................................121
本章小结 .............................................................................................126
第6 章　宏程序在车削螺纹中的应用 ...................................... 127
6.1　螺纹加工概述 ............................................................................127
6.1.1　螺纹加工常见循环指令和特点 ..........................................127
6.1.2　螺纹加工进给路径方式 ......................................................128
6.2　车削单线螺纹宏程序应用 ........................................................129
6.2.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................129
6.2.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................129
6.2.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................129
6.2.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................130
6.2.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................130
6.2.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ......................................................................130
6.2.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................131
6.2.8　编写程序代码 ......................................................................132
6.2.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................132
6.3　车削双线螺纹宏程序应用 ........................................................133
6.3.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................133
6.3.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................133
6.3.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................133
6.3.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................134
6.3.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................135
6.3.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ......................................................................135
6.3.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................136
6.3.8　编写程序代码 ......................................................................137
6.3.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................138
6.4　车削大螺距螺纹宏程序应用 ....................................................139
6.4.1　零件图和加工内容 ..............................................................139
6.4.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................139
6.4.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................139
6.4.4　选择变量方式 ......................................................................140
6.4.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................140
6.4.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ......................................................................141
6.4.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................141
6.4.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................142
6.4.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................145
6.5　车削外圆梯形螺纹宏程序应用 ................................................145
6.5.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................145
6.5.2　零件图样的分析 ..................................................................145
6.5.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................146
6.5.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................146
6.5.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................146
6.5.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ......................................................................147
6.5.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................148
6.5.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................148
6.6　车削圆弧牙型螺纹宏程序应用 ................................................153
6.6.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................153
6.6.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................153
6.6.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................154
6.6.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................154
6.6.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................154
6.6.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ......................................................................155
6.6.7　绘制流程框图 ......................................................................155
6.6.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................156
6.6.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................157
6.7　车削等槽宽变距螺纹宏程序应用 ............................................157
6.7.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................157
6.7.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................158
6.7.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................158
6.7.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................158
6.7.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................159
6.7.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ......................................................................159
6.7.7　绘制流程框图 ......................................................................160
6.7.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................160
6.7.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................161
6.8　车削异形螺纹宏程序应用 ........................................................162
6.8.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................162
6.8.2　零件图样的分析 ..................................................................162
6.8.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................163
6.8.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................164
6.8.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................164
6.8.6　绘制刀路轨迹 ......................................................................164
6.8.7　绘制流程框图 ......................................................................165
6.8.8　编制宏程序代码 ..................................................................166
6.8.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................167
6.9　车削异形螺纹宏程序总结 ........................................................168
6.9.1　异形螺纹类型 ......................................................................168
6.9.2　异形螺纹加工编程常见方法 ..............................................168
6.9.3　加工异形螺纹宏程序编程思路 ..........................................169
本章小结 .............................................................................................170
第7 章　宏程序在孔加工中的应用 .......................................... 171
7.1　宏程序在直线排孔中的应用 ....................................................171
7.1.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................171
7.1.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................171
7.1.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................172
7.1.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................172
7.1.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................173
7.1.6　绘制加工轨迹 ......................................................................173
7.1.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................174
7.1.8　编写程序代码 ......................................................................174
7.1.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................180
7.2　宏程序在圆周均布孔系中的应用 ............................................180
7.2.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................180
7.2.2　分析零件图样 .....................................................................180
7.2.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................181
7.2.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................181
7.2.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................181
7.2.6　绘制加工轨迹 .....................................................................182
7.2.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................183
7.2.8　编写程序代码 ......................................................................184
7.2.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................186
7.3　宏程序在矩阵孔系中的应用 ....................................................187
7.3.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................187
7.3.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................187
7.3.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................188
7.3.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................188
7.3.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................188
7.3.6　绘制加工轨迹 .....................................................................189
7.3.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................190
7.3.8　编写程序代码 ......................................................................191
7.3.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................193
本章小结 .............................................................................................193
第8 章　宏程序在铣削常见型面中的应用 .............................. 194
8.1　宏程序在矩形平面加工中的应用 ............................................194
8.1.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................194
8.1.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................195
8.1.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................195
8.1.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................195
8.1.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................195
8.1.6　绘制加工轨迹 .....................................................................196
8.1.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................196
8.1.8　编制加工程序 ......................................................................196
8.1.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................199
8.2　宏程序在圆柱形台阶铣削加工中的应用 ................................199
8.2.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................199
8.2.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................199
8.2.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................200
8.2.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................200
8.2.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................200
8.2.6　绘制加工轨迹 ......................................................................201
8.2.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................201
8.2.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................202
8.2.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................203
8.3　宏程序在矩形型腔加工中的应用 ............................................205
8.3.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................205
8.3.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................206
8.3.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................206
8.3.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................206
8.3.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................207
8.3.6　绘制加工轨迹 .....................................................................207
8.3.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................208
8.3.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................209
8.3.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................211
8.4　宏程序在矩形斜面型腔加工中的应用 ....................................212
8.4.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................212
8.4.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................212
8.4.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................213
8.4.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................213
8.4.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................213
8.4.6　绘制加工轨迹 .....................................................................214
8.4.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................214
8.4.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................215
8.4.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................216
8.5　宏程序在铣削内螺纹中的应用 ................................................217
8.5.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................217
8.5.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................217
8.5.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................218
8.5.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................218
8.5.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................218
8.5.6　绘制加工轨迹 .....................................................................218
8.5.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................219
8.5.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................219
8.5.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................221
本章小结 .............................................................................................221
第9 章　宏程序在铣削斜面、R 面加工中的应用 .................. 222
9.1　宏程序在圆形45°斜面加工中的应用 ...................................222
9.1.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................222
9.1.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................222
9.1.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................223
9.1.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................223
9.1.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................224
9.1.6　绘制加工轨迹 ......................................................................225
9.1.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................225
9.1.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................226
9.1.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................228
9.2　宏程序在圆形R 角加工中的应用 ...........................................228
9.2.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................228
9.2.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................229
9.2.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................229
9.2.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................229
9.2.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................230
9.2.6　绘制加工轨迹 ......................................................................230
9.2.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................231
9.2.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................232
9.2.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................233
9.3　宏程序在椭圆形45°斜角加工中的应用 ...............................234
9.3.1　零件图以及加工内容 ..........................................................234
9.3.2　分析零件图样 ......................................................................234
9.3.3　分析加工工艺 ......................................................................235
9.3.4　选择变量方法 ......................................................................235
9.3.5　选择程序算法 ......................................................................236
9.3.6　绘制加工轨迹 ......................................................................237
9.3.7　绘制程序框图 ......................................................................237
9.3.8　编制程序代码 ......................................................................238
9.3.9　编程总结 ..............................................................................239
9.4　宏程序铣削斜面和R 面总结 ...................................................240
9.4.1　铣削任意角度斜面的数学模型 ..........................................240
9.4.2　铣削任意大小R 角的数学模型 .........................................240
9.4.3　宏程序铣削斜面、R 面编程思路 ......................................241
9.4.4　宏程序铣削斜面、R 面编程步骤 ......................................241
本章小结 .............................................................................................241
第10 章　宏程序编程之动态应用 ............................................ 242
10.1　编程指令G10 在数控编程中的应用 .....................................242
10.1.1　FANUC 系统G10 指令概述 ............................................242
10.1.2　FANUC 系统G10 指令格式 ............................................243
10.1.3　FANUC 系统G10 在数控编程中的应用 ........................244
10.1.4　FANUC 系统G10 实例应用 ............................................246
10.1.5　本节小结 ............................................................................250
10.2　FANUC 系统变量在数控编程中的应用 ...............................250
10.2.1　FANUC 系统变量概述 .....................................................250
10.2.2　FANUC 系统变量在数控编程中的应用 .........................252
10.3　FANUC 系统变量在工件坐标系中的应用 ...........................253
10.3.1　FANUC 系统变量在工件坐标系中的应用实例 .............253
10.3.2　编程总结 ............................................................................254
10.4　FANUC 系统变量在刀具长度补偿中的应用 .......................254
10.4.1　FANUC 系统变量在刀具长度补偿中的应用实例 .........254
10.4.2　编程总结 ............................................................................256
10.5　FANUC 系统变量在刀具半径补偿中的应用 .......................256
10.5.1　FANUC 系统变量在刀具半径补偿中的应用实例 .........256
10.5.2　编程总结 ............................................................................257
10.6　雷尼绍OMP40-2 与FANUC 编程指令G31 在数控编程
中的应用 ..................................................................................257
10.6.1　雷尼绍触发式探头概述 ....................................................257
10.6.2　数控机床雷尼绍触发式探头工作原理 ............................258
10.6.3　FANUC 数控机床G31 指令 ............................................258
10.7　雷尼绍在卧式加工中心探测B 轴的应用 .............................259
10.7.1　问题描述 ............................................................................259
10.7.2　解决思路 ............................................................................259
10.7.3　编制雷尼绍自动探测程序 ................................................260
10.7.4　编程总结 ............................................................................260
10.8　雷尼绍自动探测长方体中心的应用 ......................................261
10.8.1　问题描述 ............................................................................261
10.8.2　解决思路 ............................................................................261
10.8.3　编制雷尼绍自动探测程序 ................................................262
10.8.4　编程总结 ............................................................................263
10.9　雷尼绍探测工件坐标系Z 轴坐标值 .....................................263
10.9.1　问题描述 ............................................................................263
10.9.2　解决思路 ............................................................................264
10.9.3　编制雷尼绍自动探测程序 ................................................264
10.9.4　编程总结 ............................................................................265
10.10　雷尼绍在单边测量中的应用 ................................................265
10.10.1　问题描述 ..........................................................................265
10.10.2　解决思路 ..........................................................................265
10.10.3　编制雷尼绍自动探测程序 ..............................................266
10.10.4　编程总结 ..........................................................................267
10.11　雷尼绍在探测分度圆孔中心的应用 ....................................267
10.11.1　问题描述 ..........................................................................267
10.11.2　解决思路 ..........................................................................267
10.11.3　编制雷尼绍自动探测程序 ..............................................268
10.11.4　编程总结 ..........................................................................269
10.12　雷尼绍在探测不同加工区域的应用 ....................................269
10.12.1　问题描述 ..........................................................................269
10.12.2　解决思路 ..........................................................................270
10.12.3　编制雷尼绍自动探测程序 ..............................................270
10.12.4　编程总结 ..........................................................................272
10.13　雷尼绍自动探测报警程序的应用 ........................................272
10.13.1　雷尼绍自动探测误差 ......................................................272
10.13.2　雷尼绍自动探测误差解决方法 ......................................272
10.13.3　雷尼绍自动探测误差解决方法实例 ..............................272
10.13.4　编程总结 ..........................................................................274
本章小结 .............................................................................................274
参考文献....................................................................................... 275